Solved!

I replaced the SSD and it turns out the old SSD was the problem..I put the old SSD in an enclosure/external case and plugged it to my laptop and it's really slow to load from file explorer/my computer when opening its files and folders. Also I'm still unable to run error checking on it like mentioned on point 1 above, and I still can't create a file/delete file on it like point 8..So I guess the old SSD has become read-only, without SMART attributes showing any error/read-only status..?
 
You didn't want to just move to the HDD? SSDs corrupt far more frequently than HDDs. When there are both, it's usually the SSD that corrupted.

8 and 9 could be because the User Profile Service failed to login to your actual user account, so Windows instead logged into a temporary profile that does not contain data from the actual profile, and is cleared on restart.
 
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